As theorised by Ibn Khaldun, a state’s lifespan can be traced through a five-stage cycle — from establishment with low taxes and high public morale to eventual decay, marked by over-taxation, ...

No one denies that several Arab and Gulf countries have suffered from administrative failures that opened the door to widespread corruption, so much so that ...

As Abd al-Rahman Ibn Khaldun mentioned in his book ‘Muqaddimah’, all states pass through various stages, ranging from ...