Pius IX, John Paul II, and Leo XIII also had long reigns ... struggled against the internalized conflicts such as with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, and headed the attempt to seal the battle ...

A few others came from inside the Holy Roman Empire but outside the bounds of modern-day Italy. German popes elected from the Empire included Gregory in 996 and Damasus II in 1048. England ...

From Saint Peter, whose martyrdom in Rome began the unbroken line of succession, to John Paul II’s charismatic ... by enduring conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and ...

Formosus worked against Holy Roman co-emperors Guy II and his son Lambert, encouraging King Arnulf of the East Franks to invade Italy, before crowning him as emperor in 896 CE. Arnulf was forced ...

This exchange backfired. Gregory VI was soon deposed in December 1046 during a synod led by Holy Roman Emperor Henry III. Clement II, his successor, served briefly before his death in October 1047.

led by Archduke Frederick of Habsburg (later the Holy Roman Emperor),” according to Heritage Daily, as well as an inscription that read “Christmas 1300.” They assessed it as being written ...

who later became the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III. One of the inscriptions, written in a style typical of Armenian nobility, reads: “Christmas 1300”, lending weight to the theory that King ...

His father was a wealthy knight in the service of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II while his uncle was abbot of the nearby Benedictine abbey of Monte Cassino, a famed learning center where Thomas ...

Here is madness indeed – but whether the Emperor’s or the nuncio’s must be a matter of opinion. Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor 1576–1617, was certainly one of the oddest members of his extraordinary ...

The late Pope Francis continued his legacy as an open-armed trailblazer by opening the sacred portal of the Vatican and dying ...

Pope Francis, Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI are among the elected bishops of Rome who have led the Catholic Church ...