Eligibility criteria Inclusion criteria were (1) overhead athletes from Olympic or college sports, (2) preseason measures of shoulder ROM, (3) tracked in-season injuries at the shoulder and elbow, and ...

Internal Rotation is an often-overlooked exercise for the shoulders. It is important however, as it helps strengthen the rotator cuff, increases stability of the shoulder joint and improves range of ...

Among the complex variables that were proposed to contribute to subjects with posterior shoulder tightness, [33] we focused muscular theories and selected those that could be easily determined and ...

Background GIRD is a condition resulting in the loss of internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint as compared to the contralateral side. Mechanism of GIRD is caused by repetitive throwing such as a ...

Compared with primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty, primary anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty demonstrated greater functional internal rotation; however, both procedures were found to be effective ...

Various theories exist regarding the mechanisms of stiff shoulder (SS). Potential etiological factors are adhesive capsulitis, [1] decreased capsular volume, [2,3] capsular contractions, [4] rotator ...