The permanent presence of European armies on the continent demonstrates that these powers are not solely relying on proxy forces and the African bourgeoisie to enforce their interests in Africa.

But the United States has relied so much on European powers in Africa that it has been difficult for it to define its objectives in Africa and chart a sustainable Africa policy beyond competition with ...

Ethiopia decisively defeated an Italian invasion in 1896 and won recognition of its independence by Italy and other European powers, an unprecedented outcome in 19th century Africa. It wasn’t so ...

North Africa's vast solar and wind potential could provide up to 24 GW of clean energy to Europe through subsea interconnectors. Major projects like Xlinks UK-Morocco are set to significantly ...

With choices come dangers. The history of exploitation by colonial powers is real. But European investments in Africa are subject to domestic scrutiny entirely lacking in, say, China. Though ...

The U.S. military’s new posture comes even though many African armies remain ill-equipped and insurgent groups expand.

And they are often of lower quality than the real grid, at worst providing just enough power for a few lightbulbs for a few hours every day. When it comes to European support for Africa ...

Africa, with its abundant resources—such as rubber, gold, and ivory—and its potential as a market for European goods, was an attractive target. Amid rising competition among imperial powers ...